Організаційні та методичні аспекти навчання іноземних студентів

The article deals with language teaching methods and adaptation of foreign citizens, the teacher’s responsibility being to assess the student’s language level and abilities to gain further professional education in Ukraine.The assessment of degree of language skills traditionally is an uneasy problem for a teacher as it is assessed not only the set of the learnt words and rules, but level of formed communicative competence. The extremely important positive factor at foreign language learning is the confidence of foreigners at fact that they have qualitative final result that is in successful mastering of language and, as consequence, the future profession. Therefore, task of pre-professional training of foreign citizens is actualisation and systematization of conceptually-terminological frame in language of the future training. The main task of the teachers training profile disciplines to foreigners, is systematization of knowledge, received in their native countries, acquaintance with conceptually-terminological frame of their future profession either in the Ukrainian or the Russian languages. Subject training of foreign citizens frequently considerably differs from similar training of the Ukrainian entrants; it is possible to explain this by various approaches and requirements of the Ukrainian and foreign educational institutions.Considering scientists’ achievements, own experience concerning circumstances of successful language mastering by foreign students, we have isolated such psychological and pedagogical conditions: purposeful selection and structuring of the language teaching material contents according to cognitive students’ possibilities; regular and continuous motivation and stimulation of cognitive interest; realization of methods based on communicative and imitation-play approaches and directed on step-by-step foreign language masteringУ статті аналізується проблема професійної підготовки іноземних студентів, що навчаються у вищих навчальних закладах України. Подане нове розв’язання проблеми оцінювання комунікативної складової професійної компетентності майбутніх іноземних студентів у допрофесійній підготовці. Визначено стан сформованості комунікативної компетентності студентів-іноземців. Виділено організаційні складові, психологічні та педагогічні умови розвитку комунікативної складової професійної компетентності іноземних студенті

Ticagrelor in patients with diabetes and stable coronary artery disease with a history of previous percutaneous coronary intervention (THEMIS-PCI) : a phase 3, placebo-controlled, randomised trial

Background: Patients with stable coronary artery disease and diabetes with previous percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), particularly those with previous stenting, are at high risk of ischaemic events. These patients are generally treated with aspirin. In this trial, we aimed to investigate if these patients would benefit from treatment with aspirin plus ticagrelor. Methods: The Effect of Ticagrelor on Health Outcomes in diabEtes Mellitus patients Intervention Study (THEMIS) was a phase 3 randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial, done in 1315 sites in 42 countries. Patients were eligible if 50 years or older, with type 2 diabetes, receiving anti-hyperglycaemic drugs for at least 6 months, with stable coronary artery disease, and one of three other mutually non-exclusive criteria: a history of previous PCI or of coronary artery bypass grafting, or documentation of angiographic stenosis of 50% or more in at least one coronary artery. Eligible patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to either ticagrelor or placebo, by use of an interactive voice-response or web-response system. The THEMIS-PCI trial comprised a prespecified subgroup of patients with previous PCI. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (measured in the intention-to-treat population). Findings: Between Feb 17, 2014, and May 24, 2016, 11 154 patients (58% of the overall THEMIS trial) with a history of previous PCI were enrolled in the THEMIS-PCI trial. Median follow-up was 3·3 years (IQR 2·8–3·8). In the previous PCI group, fewer patients receiving ticagrelor had a primary efficacy outcome event than in the placebo group (404 [7·3%] of 5558 vs 480 [8·6%] of 5596; HR 0·85 [95% CI 0·74–0·97], p=0·013). The same effect was not observed in patients without PCI (p=0·76, p interaction=0·16). The proportion of patients with cardiovascular death was similar in both treatment groups (174 [3·1%] with ticagrelor vs 183 (3·3%) with placebo; HR 0·96 [95% CI 0·78–1·18], p=0·68), as well as all-cause death (282 [5·1%] vs 323 [5·8%]; 0·88 [0·75–1·03], p=0·11). TIMI major bleeding occurred in 111 (2·0%) of 5536 patients receiving ticagrelor and 62 (1·1%) of 5564 patients receiving placebo (HR 2·03 [95% CI 1·48–2·76], p<0·0001), and fatal bleeding in 6 (0·1%) of 5536 patients with ticagrelor and 6 (0·1%) of 5564 with placebo (1·13 [0·36–3·50], p=0·83). Intracranial haemorrhage occurred in 33 (0·6%) and 31 (0·6%) patients (1·21 [0·74–1·97], p=0·45). Ticagrelor improved net clinical benefit: 519/5558 (9·3%) versus 617/5596 (11·0%), HR=0·85, 95% CI 0·75–0·95, p=0·005, in contrast to patients without PCI where it did not, p interaction=0·012. Benefit was present irrespective of time from most recent PCI. Interpretation: In patients with diabetes, stable coronary artery disease, and previous PCI, ticagrelor added to aspirin reduced cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, and stroke, although with increased major bleeding. In that large, easily identified population, ticagrelor provided a favourable net clinical benefit (more than in patients without history of PCI). This effect shows that long-term therapy with ticagrelor in addition to aspirin should be considered in patients with diabetes and a history of PCI who have tolerated antiplatelet therapy, have high ischaemic risk, and low bleeding risk